Modernizm , 19.yüzyılın sonlarında hızlandırılmış sanayileşme ve sosyal değişimlere tepki olarak ortaya çıkan küresel bir mimari ve tasarım hareketidir. Modernizm kavramı ilk olarak V. Yüzyılda ortaya çıkmıştır ve Latince’de “bugüne özgü” anlamına gelen ‘Modermus’ dan gelmektedir.
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Fotoğraflar: Andreas Levers via Flickr
Modernizm sadece mimari bir tarz değildir. Bauhaus, Minimalizm, De Stijl, Postmodernizm, Dışavurumculuk, İşlevselcilik, Brutalizm, Dekonstrüktivizm gibi modern, idealleri farklı şekillerde ifade eden bireysel tasarım hareketlerini kapsamaktadır.
Mimaride modernizmin başlangıcı olarak işaretlenebilecek net bir başlangıç veya tekil bir yapı yoktur. Ancak, Erken Modernizm mimarlık dünyasını etkisi altında bulunduracak olan Modern Mimarlığın gelişimini hazırlayan cesur ve bir o kadar da deneysel nitelikte çalışmaları ortaya koyması bakımından önem taşır.
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Fotoğraf: Lee Sandstead Fotoğraf: Simon Garcia
Modernizmin babası Louis Sullivan, 1896'da '' Form işlevi izler '' ifadesini kullanarak modernizm için önemli bir adım attı. Sullivan için işlevselcilik, süslemenin ortadan kaldırılması anlamına geliyordu.
Erken modernist Adolf Loos da bu fikrin benimsenmesinde etkili oldu. Loos 1908 yılında yayınlanan makalesinde '' Süsleme Suçtur '' ifadesini kullandı. Suçla birlikte, para, işçilik ve malzeme israfını, yani inşaat ekonomisini ifade ediyordu. Onun için süslemenin 'modern' toplum içinde hiçbir anlamı, yeri ya da değeri yoktu.
Walter gropius, Mies van der Rohe gibi modernist mimarlar, işlevselliği ve sadeliği savunan bu ilkelerden oldukça etkilendi. 1919’da Walter Gropius tarafından kurulan Bauhaus okulu Avrupa’da modernizmin gelişmesinde büyük rol oynadı.
MODERN MİMARİNİN İLKELERİ
Modernist mimarların yaklaşımı, işlevsel yapılar inşa etmek, süsü azaltarak formların basitleştirmek, tarihsel referansları kaldırmaktı. Ayrıca, sürekli yeni materyalleri keşfetmeye ilgi duymuşlar ve bir malzemenin doğal görünümünü gizlemek veya değiştirmek yerine , görünür olmasını savunmuşlardır.
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Fotoğraf: Reddit.com/ArchitecturePorn Fotoğraf: Liam Philley
MODERN MİMARLIĞIN TEMEL ÖZELLİKLERİ
Fonksiyonel tasarım
Süs çizgileri olmayan temiz çizgiler
Dikdörtgen, silindirik ve kübik şekiller
Asimetrik bileşimler
Yatay düzlemler ve geniş tavan çıkıntıları ile birlikte yatay çizgilere vurgu
Yapısal unsurları gizlemek yerine sergilemek
Çelik sütunlar, betonarme, lekeli beton zeminler, perde duvarlar, şerit pencereler ve radyan ısıtma sistemleri gibi modern malzemelerin ve sistemlerin kullanımı
Ahşap, tuğla ve taş gibi geleneksel malzemelerin doğal özelliklerini sergileyen ve büyük düzlemlere yerleştirilmiş basitleştirilmiş şekillerde yenilikçi kullanımı
Işık dolu, açık planlı iç mekanlar
Beyaz veya krem cepheler
Fotoğraf:Pete Sieger
MODERN MİMARLIK MİMARLARI
Le Corbusier, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Walter Gropius, Frank Lloyd Wright'dan, Louis Sullivan, C.R. Mackintosh, Edwin Lutyens, Antoni Gaudi, Le corbuseir, Walter Gropius
MODERN MİMARİ YAPI ÖRNEKLERİ
The Farnsworth House, Illinois, USA, 1945, Mies Van Der ROHE
Fotoğraf: Mike Crews
Fotoğraf: Mike Crews
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Fotoğraf: Dwell.com / Nick Dine Fotoğraf: Scott Frances
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Fotoğraf: Mike Schwartz Fotoğraf:Hedrich Blessing
Barcelona Pavillion, Spain, Barcelona, 1929, Mies Van Der Rohe
Fotoğraf: Flicker/ JuanVan
Fotoğraf: Flicker / Gondolas
Fotoğraf: Christian Gänshirt
Fotoğraf: Flicker/ Pete Sieger
Fotoğraf: Flicker/ Pete Sieger
Villa Savoye, Poissy, France, 1929, Le Corbusier
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Fotoğraf: Flickr/ ModArchitecture Fotoğraf: Burçin Yıldırım
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Fotoğraflar: Cemal Emden
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Fotoğraf: Harry Seidler Fotoğraf: Flickr/ Scarletgreen
Kaynakça
http://www.hammondhistoricdistrict.org/what-is-modern-architecture
https://www.rostarchitects.com/articles/2019/1/2/a-brief-history-of-modern-architecture
http://www.restoraturk.com/index.php/mimarlik/312-modern-mimarligin-ortaya-cikisi-ve-gelisimi
https://www.dwell.com/collection
https://www.midcenturyhome.com/le-corbusiers-villa-savoye